Objective
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Key words
Introduction
Methods
Subjects
Facilities and Equipment
Experimental Protocol
Statistical Analysis
Power Analysis
Results
Age (y) | Treadmill incline (%) | HRmax (beats/min) | Height (cm) | BMI (kg/m2) |
---|---|---|---|---|
19 | 17 | 203 | 193 | 20.4 |
24 | 10 | 193 | 183 | 21.8 |
26 | 11 | 187 | 183 | 23.7 |
28 | 13 | 194 | 175 | 21.9 |
29 | 15 | 201 | 183 | 23.7 |
30 | 10 | 194 | 178 | 21.9 |
30 | 9 | 192 | 191 | 26.2 |
33 | 15 | 198 | 173 | 22.4 |
42 | 10 | 173 | 183 | 24.2 |
45 | 10 | 175 | 180 | 20.7 |



Discussion
Limitations
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
- Deaths: final data for 2008.Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2011; 59: 1-126
- Heat illness among high school athletes—United States, 2005–2009.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010; 59: 1009-1013
- Heat-related illnesses and deaths—United States, 1994–1995.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1995; 44: 465-468
- Observations on one hundred cases of heatstroke.J Am Med Assoc. 1956; 161: 1525-1529
- Time-temperature relationship in hyperthermic treatment of malignant and normal tissue in vivo.Cancer Res. 1979; 39: 3248-3253
- Tolerance to heat and dehydration in several species of mammals.Am J Physiol. 1947; 151: 564-575
- American College of Sports Medicine. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exertional heat illness during training and competition.Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007; 39: 556-572
- Heat stroke: role of the systemic inflammatory response.J Appl Physiol. 2010; 109: 1980-1988
- Heat stroke.N Engl J Med. 2002; 346: 1978-1988
- Whole-body cooling of hyperthermic runners: comparison of two field therapies.Am J Emerg Med. 1996; 14: 355-358
- Heat stroke: a review of cooling methods.Sports Med. 2004; 34: 501-511
- Cooling methods used in the treatment of exertional heat illness.Br J Sports Med. 2005; 39: 503-507
- Cold water immersion: the gold standard for exertional heatstroke treatment.Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2007; 35: 141-149
- Wilderness medical society practice guidelines for the prevention and treatment of heat-related illness.Wilderness Environ Med. 2013; 24: 351-361
Millin MG. Chp 18. Heat/Cold Exposure. In: Krohmer JR, National Association of Emergency Medical Services Physicians eds. Clinical Aspects of Prehospital Medicine, Kendall Hunt Professional; 2009:173–179.
Platt M, Vicario S. Chp 141. Heat Illness. In: Marx J,Hockberger R, Walls R, eds. Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. Vol 1. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby; 2009:1896-1905.
- Body cooling as a method for reducing hyperthermia. An evaluation of techniques.S Afr Med J. 1986; 69: 378-380
- Management of heat exhaustion in Sydney’s the Sun City-to-Surf run runners.Med J Aust. 1979; 2: 457-461
- Heat extraction through the palm of one hand improves aerobic exercise endurance in a hot environment.J Appl Physiol. 2005; 99: 972-978
- Effect of local warming on hand and finger artery blood velocities.Am J Physiol. 1995; 269: R325-R330
- Enhancing thermal exchange in humans and practical applications.Disruptive Sci Technol. 2012; 1: 11-19
- Heat loss through the glabrous skin surfaces of heavily insulated, heat-stressed individuals.J Biomech Eng. 2009; 131: 071005
- Recovery from mild hypothermia can be accelerated by mechanically distending blood vessels in the hand.J Appl Physiol. 1998; 85: 1643-1648
- Chemical cold packs may provide insufficient enthalpy change for treatment of hyperthermia.Wilderness Environ Med. 2013; 24: 37-41
- Cardiovascular aspects of human thermoregulation.Circ Res. 1983; 52: 367-379
- Prevention of heat strain by immersing the hands and forearms in water.J R Nav Med Serv. 1997; 83: 26-30
- Palm cooling to reduce heat strain in subjects during simulated armoured vehicle transport.Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010; 108: 1217-1223
- Active versus passive cooling during work in warm environments while wearing firefighting protective clothing.J Occup Environ Hyg. 2004; 1: 521-531
- Cooling hyperthermic firefighters by immersing forearms and hands in 10 degrees C and 20 degrees C water.Aviat Space Environ Med. 2007; 78: 561-567
- Heat acclimation, aerobic fitness, and hydration effects on tolerance during uncompensable heat stress.J Appl Physiol. 1998; 84: 1731-1739
- Acute whole-body cooling for exercise-induced hyperthermia: a systematic review.J Athl Train. 2009; 44: 84-93
Dinarello CA, Porat R. Fever and Hyperthermia. In: e Ed. Longo DL, Kasper DL, Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Loscalzo J, ed. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 18th ed. New York, NY: McGraw Hill Medical; 2012: 143–147.
- Gender differences in thermoregulation.Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2001; 4: 533-536
- Sex- and menstrual cycle-related differences in sweating and cutaneous blood flow in response to passive heat exposure.Eur J Appl Physiol. 2005; 94: 323-332
Article info
Publication history
Footnotes
☆Presented as an oral presentation at the National EMS Providers Conference, Tucson, AZ, January 2014; and as a plenary presentation at the Wilderness Medical Society Annual Meeting, Breckenridge, CO, July 2013.